Depression is treatable. Most people are treated with talk therapy, medicine, or both, and brain stimulation is an option when those are not enough. Each card links to its source: a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) label or record, a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) page, or, for treatments still in clinical trials, the trial registry or company announcement.
Antidepressants and young people
Antidepressant labels carry an FDA boxed warning: in short-term studies, antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults. Anyone starting a medicine or changing a dose should be watched closely, especially in the first few weeks. Never stop a medicine without talking to the prescriber.
Started a medicine and still not feeling well?Antidepressants usually take 4 to 8 weeks, and there are many next steps if the first one does not help.Source
FDA lists these among medicines approved for depression. FDA also says fluoxetine is the only medicine approved for children with depression, and fluoxetine and escitalopram for teens (information current as of 2019).
Typical use
A daily pill. Antidepressants usually take 4-8 weeks to work, so giving one a fair trial matters.
Safety flags
Common side effects include nausea, tremor, nervousness, trouble sleeping, sweating, tiredness, and sexual problems. Do not combine with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
FDA lists these among FDA-approved medicines for depression.
Typical use
A daily pill, usually needing several weeks to show full effect.
Safety flags
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, tiredness, dizziness, sweating, and sexual problems. Less commonly, blood pressure can rise. Do not combine with MAOIs. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
Major depressive disorder · preventing seasonal depression
An antidepressant from a different chemical family (aminoketone) than SSRIs and SNRIs.
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What it is
An antidepressant from a different chemical family (aminoketone) than SSRIs and SNRIs.
FDA status / limitation
The Wellbutrin XL label covers treatment of major depressive disorder and prevention of seasonal affective disorder.
Typical use
A daily extended-release tablet.
Safety flags
Seizure risk rises with dose, so it is not for people with seizure disorders. Can raise blood pressure. Screen for bipolar disorder first. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
An antidepressant for which sleepiness is one of the most common effects.
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What it is
An antidepressant for which sleepiness is one of the most common effects.
FDA status / limitation
The label covers treatment of major depressive disorder in adults.
Typical use
A daily tablet or dissolving tablet.
Safety flags
Most common effects are sleepiness, increased appetite, weight gain, and dizziness. Rarely lowers white blood cells: report fever, sore throat, or signs of infection. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
for example amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, doxepin
Depression
An older group of antidepressants. Maprotiline is the tetracyclic; the others FDA lists are tricyclics.
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What it is
An older group of antidepressants. Maprotiline is the tetracyclic; the others FDA lists are tricyclics.
FDA status / limitation
FDA lists these among FDA-approved medicines for depression.
Typical use
Daily pills, prescribed and monitored by a clinician.
Safety flags
Common: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, and low blood pressure. Less common but serious: trouble urinating, confusion, fainting, seizures, and life-threatening irregular heartbeat. Do not combine with MAOIs. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
An older group of antidepressants with important food and medicine restrictions.
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What it is
An older group of antidepressants with important food and medicine restrictions.
FDA status / limitation
FDA lists these among FDA-approved medicines for depression, including the Emsam skin patch.
Typical use
Pills, or a skin patch for selegiline. Often considered when other options have not worked.
Safety flags
Avoid aged cheese, wine, aged protein foods, and other tyramine-rich foods, plus cold pills and decongestants, because blood pressure can spike dangerously. Do not combine with other antidepressants. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
Two older antidepressants that FDA groups as atypical antidepressants.
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What it is
Two older antidepressants that FDA groups as atypical antidepressants.
FDA status / limitation
FDA lists both among FDA-approved medicines for depression.
Typical use
Daily pills.
Safety flags
Common: dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision, sleepiness, and constipation. Less common but serious: a painful erection that lasts a long time, low blood pressure, fainting, and confusion. Life-threatening liver failure has been reported with nefazodone. Do not combine with MAOIs. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
A newer antidepressant that acts on the serotonin system.
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What it is
A newer antidepressant that acts on the serotonin system.
FDA status / limitation
The label covers major depressive disorder in adults (initial U.S. approval 2013). Not approved for children.
Typical use
A daily tablet.
Safety flags
Most common effects are nausea, constipation, and vomiting. Can raise bleeding risk with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, or blood thinners, and can cause sexual side effects. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
A newer antidepressant that acts on the serotonin system.
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What it is
A newer antidepressant that acts on the serotonin system.
FDA status / limitation
The label covers major depressive disorder in adults (initial U.S. approval 2011). Not approved for children.
Typical use
A daily tablet.
Safety flags
Most common effects are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and trouble sleeping. Can raise bleeding risk with aspirin, NSAIDs, or blood thinners. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
A newer antidepressant taken as an extended-release tablet.
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What it is
A newer antidepressant taken as an extended-release tablet.
FDA status / limitation
The label covers major depressive disorder in adults (initial U.S. approval 2023). Not approved for children.
Typical use
A daily tablet taken with food. Electrocardiograms (ECGs), which are heart rhythm tests, are done before starting, during dose increases, and periodically during treatment.
Safety flags
Can prolong the QT interval on an ECG, so it is not for people with congenital long QT syndrome or a long QT interval at baseline. Not used with medicines that strongly block CYP3A4 (cytochrome P450 3A4, a liver enzyme that breaks down many drugs) or with MAOIs. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
A combination tablet of dextromethorphan (an N-methyl-D-aspartate, or NMDA, receptor antagonist) and bupropion.
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What it is
A combination tablet of dextromethorphan (an N-methyl-D-aspartate, or NMDA, receptor antagonist) and bupropion.
FDA status / limitation
The label covers major depressive disorder in adults (initial U.S. approval 2022). It is also labeled for agitation in Alzheimer's dementia. Not approved for children.
Typical use
A daily tablet, adjusted by the prescriber.
Safety flags
Seizure risk rises with dose. Can raise blood pressure and cause dizziness. May harm an unborn baby. Screen for bipolar disorder first. Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
Treatment-resistant depression · depression with acute suicidal thoughts
A nasal spray form of esketamine, taken under supervision in a certified health care setting.
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What it is
A nasal spray form of esketamine, taken under supervision in a certified health care setting.
FDA status / limitation
The label covers treatment-resistant depression in adults, on its own or with an oral antidepressant, and depressive symptoms in adults with major depressive disorder with acute suicidal thoughts or behavior, together with an oral antidepressant. Use on its own (monotherapy) for treatment-resistant depression was approved on January 21, 2025; before that it had to be taken with an oral antidepressant. Treatment-resistant here means not enough improvement after at least two oral antidepressants.
Typical use
Used only in a certified health care setting under the Spravato Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program, with monitoring for at least 2 hours after each dose.
Safety flags
Boxed warning for sedation, dissociation, breathing problems, abuse and misuse, and suicidal thoughts in young people. Can raise blood pressure. Do not drive until the next day after a restful sleep. Its label says it has not been shown to prevent suicide and does not replace hospital care when needed.
The first pill approved specifically to treat postpartum depression.
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What it is
The first pill approved specifically to treat postpartum depression.
FDA status / limitation
FDA approved Zurzuvae on August 4, 2023, for postpartum depression in adults. Until then, treatment specifically for postpartum depression (PPD) was only available as an intravenous (IV) infusion given in certain health care facilities.
Typical use
50 mg once a day in the evening with a fatty meal, for 14 days.
Safety flags
Boxed warning: do not drive or do other risky activities for at least 12 hours after each dose, and you may not be able to judge your own impairment. Common effects include drowsiness, dizziness, diarrhea, and tiredness. May cause suicidal thoughts and fetal harm; use effective birth control during and for one week after treatment.
A continuous IV infusion for postpartum depression given over 60 hours in a certified facility.
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What it is
A continuous IV infusion for postpartum depression given over 60 hours in a certified facility.
FDA status / limitation
FDA approved Zulresso on March 19, 2019. After the maker told FDA it was no longer sold and asked for the approval to be withdrawn, FDA withdrew the approval as of April 14, 2025. Drugs@FDA lists it as discontinued.
Typical use
Historical context. Ask a clinician about current postpartum options such as zuranolone, therapy, and antidepressants.
Safety flags
FDA warned of excessive tiredness and sudden loss of consciousness during the infusion, which is why it was only available through a restricted program in certified health care settings.
Added to an antidepressant for major depressive disorder
An atypical antipsychotic that can be added when an antidepressant alone has not been enough.
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What it is
An atypical antipsychotic that can be added when an antidepressant alone has not been enough.
FDA status / limitation
The label includes adjunctive (add-on) treatment of major depressive disorder, alongside other uses.
Typical use
Taken together with an antidepressant, not instead of one.
Safety flags
Boxed warnings: higher risk of death in older adults with dementia-related psychosis, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people taking antidepressants.
Added to an antidepressant for major depressive disorder in adults
An atypical antipsychotic used as an add-on to antidepressants.
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What it is
An atypical antipsychotic used as an add-on to antidepressants.
FDA status / limitation
The label includes adjunctive treatment to antidepressants for major depressive disorder in adults, alongside other uses.
Typical use
Taken together with an antidepressant.
Safety flags
Boxed warnings: higher risk of death in older adults with dementia-related psychosis, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people taking antidepressants.
Added to an antidepressant for major depressive disorder · also bipolar depression
An atypical antipsychotic with several labeled uses.
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What it is
An atypical antipsychotic with several labeled uses.
FDA status / limitation
The label includes adjunctive therapy with antidepressants for major depressive disorder and treatment of depressive episodes of bipolar disorder.
Typical use
An extended-release tablet taken with an antidepressant for major depression.
Safety flags
Boxed warnings: higher risk of death in older adults with dementia-related psychosis, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people taking antidepressants.
Added to an antidepressant for major depressive disorder in adults · also bipolar I depression
An atypical antipsychotic with several labeled uses.
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What it is
An atypical antipsychotic with several labeled uses.
FDA status / limitation
The label includes adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for major depressive disorder in adults and treatment of depressive episodes of bipolar I disorder in adults.
Typical use
A daily capsule taken with an antidepressant for major depression.
Safety flags
Boxed warnings: higher risk of death in older adults with dementia-related psychosis, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people taking antidepressants.
Added to an antidepressant for major depressive disorder in adults · also bipolar depression
An atypical antipsychotic taken as one capsule a day. It was already approved for schizophrenia and for bipolar I and II depression.
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What it is
An atypical antipsychotic taken as one capsule a day. It was already approved for schizophrenia and for bipolar I and II depression.
FDA status / limitation
FDA approved Caplyta on November 6, 2025, as an add-on to antidepressants for major depressive disorder in adults.
Typical use
One 42 mg capsule a day, taken together with an antidepressant. The maker says no dose build-up is needed.
Safety flags
Boxed warnings: higher risk of death in older adults with dementia-related psychosis, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in people 24 and younger. The most common side effects the maker lists are sleepiness, dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, feeling tired, and diarrhea.
Treatment-resistant depression · bipolar I depression
The antipsychotic olanzapine taken together with the SSRI fluoxetine.
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What it is
The antipsychotic olanzapine taken together with the SSRI fluoxetine.
FDA status / limitation
The Prozac label says fluoxetine and olanzapine in combination is indicated for treatment-resistant depression (after 2 different antidepressants did not work in the current episode) and for depressive episodes of bipolar I disorder.
Typical use
Prescribed and monitored by a clinician, usually a psychiatrist.
Safety flags
Boxed warning: antidepressants increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, teens, and young adults in short-term studies. Everyone starting one should be watched closely, especially in the first weeks and after dose changes.
A brief electric current causes seizure activity in the brain while the person is under general anesthesia with a muscle relaxant. It has the longest history of use for depression.
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What it is
A brief electric current causes seizure activity in the brain while the person is under general anesthesia with a muscle relaxant. It has the longest history of use for depression.
FDA status / limitation
FDA has cleared ECT for severe depressive episodes in people 13 and older with depression or bipolar disorder. It is usually considered for severe treatment-resistant depression or when a rapid response is needed.
Typical use
Usually three times a week until symptoms improve, often within 6-12 treatments. It often starts working within the first week. Follow-up medicine or maintenance ECT is usually needed.
Safety flags
Common effects: headache, upset stomach, muscle aches, confusion, and memory loss, especially around the time of treatment. Ask about electrode placement and pulse width, which affect memory risk.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
FDA cleared
magnetic pulses, no anesthesia
Treatment-resistant depression · adolescents 15 and older as an add-on
An electromagnetic coil held against the head sends repeated magnetic pulses to a mood-related brain area. It is done awake, in a clinic or office.
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What it is
An electromagnetic coil held against the head sends repeated magnetic pulses to a mood-related brain area. It is done awake, in a clinic or office.
FDA status / limitation
FDA first cleared an rTMS device for depression in 2008, later cleared a rapid-acting form for treatment-resistant depression, and in March 2024 cleared rTMS as an add-on treatment for depression in adolescents 15 and older. It is not approved for youth under 15.
Typical use
A typical course is daily sessions, 5 days a week for 4-6 weeks. Accelerated protocols deliver several sessions a day and often work within a week.
Safety flags
Usually well tolerated. Scalp discomfort, face or jaw muscle twitching, mild headache, and lightheadedness are common. Seizures are possible but the risk is low.
SAINT accelerated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
FDA cleared · 2022
Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy, Magnus Neuromodulation System (Magnus Medical)
Adults with major depression when antidepressants have not helped enough
A faster form of rTMS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans are used to find a personal target spot, then the whole course is packed into 5 days.
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What it is
A faster form of rTMS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans are used to find a personal target spot, then the whole course is packed into 5 days.
FDA status / limitation
FDA cleared it on September 1, 2022, for major depressive disorder in adults who did not improve enough with antidepressant medicine in the current episode.
Typical use
Done in a clinic: 10 short sessions a day for 5 days, after MRI scans to plan the target.
Safety flags
A form of rTMS, so similar effects apply: scalp discomfort, headache, and a small risk of seizures. Needs MRI scans first, which some people cannot have.
At-home transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) headset
FDA approved · 2025
Flow FL-100 (Flow Neuroscience)
Moderate to severe major depression in adults 18 and older
A headset that sends a weak electrical current to a mood-related area at the front of the brain. It works with a phone app.
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What it is
A headset that sends a weak electrical current to a mood-related area at the front of the brain. It works with a phone app.
FDA status / limitation
FDA approved it on December 8, 2025, for moderate to severe major depressive disorder in adults, on its own or with other treatment, for people whose depression is not considered resistant to medicine. It became available by prescription across the US from September 1, 2026.
Typical use
Prescription only. Used at home, with a clinician checking in on progress.
Safety flags
Not for people with open or damaged skin where the pads sit, or metal skull implants in that area. The maker lists skin redness, itching, stinging, irritation, and headache as the most common reactions.
A small device implanted in the chest sends electrical pulses through the vagus nerve in the neck.
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What it is
A small device implanted in the chest sends electrical pulses through the vagus nerve in the neck.
FDA status / limitation
FDA approved surgical VNS for depression in 2005 for adults whose severe or recurrent depression has lasted 2 years or more and has not eased after at least four other treatments.
Typical use
Not a first-line treatment and infrequently used. Study results have been mixed.
Safety flags
Requires surgery to implant. A noninvasive version that works through the skin (transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, or tVNS) is still experimental.
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), and others
Depression of all levels · in person or by telehealth
Working with a licensed mental health professional to learn new ways of thinking and behaving. CBT targets unhelpful thoughts and habits; IPT focuses on relationships and life events.
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What it is
Working with a licensed mental health professional to learn new ways of thinking and behaving. CBT targets unhelpful thoughts and habits; IPT focuses on relationships and life events.
FDA status / limitation
NIMH names cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy as evidence-based therapies for depression. Time-limited psychodynamic therapy may also help some people.
Typical use
One-on-one or in groups, in person or by telehealth. For milder depression it is often tried first, with medicine added later if needed.
Safety flags
Finding a therapist you trust matters. It is fine to ask about their training and approach before starting.
Sitting in front of a very bright light box to make up for less natural sunlight in darker months.
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What it is
Sitting in front of a very bright light box to make up for less natural sunlight in darker months.
FDA status / limitation
NIMH describes light therapy as a mainstay for winter-pattern seasonal affective disorder since the 1980s. There is no specific treatment for the summer pattern.
Typical use
About 30-45 minutes each day in front of a 10,000 lux light box, usually first thing in the morning, from fall to spring.
Safety flags
Light boxes filter out ultraviolet (UV) light. People with certain eye diseases or on medicines that increase light sensitivity may need another option or medical supervision.
Adults 22 and older with major depression who take an antidepressant
A smartphone app with lessons and exercises based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), prescribed alongside regular care.
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What it is
A smartphone app with lessons and exercises based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), prescribed alongside regular care.
FDA status / limitation
FDA cleared Rejoyn on March 30, 2024, as a prescription digital therapy for major depression symptoms in adults 22 and older who are on an antidepressant, as an add-on to care from a clinician.
Typical use
A 6-week program on a phone, with a 4-week period after that when the lessons stay available. It adds to treatment; it does not replace medicine or a clinician.
Safety flags
Not for emergencies. Keep taking medicine as prescribed, and contact a clinician or 988 if mood gets worse.
A lab-made form of psilocybin, the active compound in "magic mushrooms", given in a clinic together with psychological support.
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What it is
A lab-made form of psilocybin, the active compound in "magic mushrooms", given in a clinic together with psychological support.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of July 2026: two Phase 3 trials were reported as positive by the company, and it has Breakthrough Therapy designation. The company is sending its application to FDA in parts and expects to finish in late 2026 (company projection). Any approval would also need a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) scheduling change.
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
Causes strong changes in perception for several hours, so doses are given under supervision. The company lists nausea, headache, anxiety, and visual hallucinations as common side effects in trials.
A dissolving tablet form of LSD, a psychedelic, being tested as a single supervised dose.
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What it is
A dissolving tablet form of LSD, a psychedelic, being tested as a single supervised dose.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of September 2026: the company reported a positive Phase 3 trial (Emerge) and FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for depression on September 8, 2026.
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
A psychedelic, so trial doses are given under medical supervision. Safety is still being studied.
Added to an antidepressant for major depressive disorder
A modified, psilocybin-like psychedelic tested as two supervised doses added to an antidepressant.
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What it is
A modified, psilocybin-like psychedelic tested as two supervised doses added to an antidepressant.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of July 2026: the Phase 3 APPROACH trial finished enrolling 223 adults. The company expects first results in late 2026 and a possible FDA application in 2028 (company projections). It has Breakthrough Therapy designation.
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
A psychedelic, so trial doses are given under medical supervision. Safety is still being studied.
A single dose of psilocybin with psychological support, tested against placebo.
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What it is
A single dose of psilocybin with psychological support, tested against placebo.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of July 2026 (trial registry): the Phase 3 uAspire trial enrolled 238 adults and finished collecting its main results in January 2026. The study is still active, but no longer recruiting. Results have not been posted yet.
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
Causes strong changes in perception for several hours, so doses are given under supervision. Safety is still being studied.
Added to an antidepressant for major depressive disorder
A pill that boosts AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors, a type of glutamate receptor that helps brain cells signal to each other, tested as an add-on to antidepressants.
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What it is
A pill that boosts AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors, a type of glutamate receptor that helps brain cells signal to each other, tested as an add-on to antidepressants.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of August 2026 (trial registry): a Phase 3 trial in adults is recruiting, with results estimated in mid-2027.
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
Safety is still being studied. Ask the trial team about risks.
A pill form of brexanolone, the medicine that used to be given as a 60-hour IV infusion (Zulresso), designed as a 48-hour course at home.
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What it is
A pill form of brexanolone, the medicine that used to be given as a 60-hour IV infusion (Zulresso), designed as a 48-hour course at home.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of September 2026: a new Phase 3 trial, BLOOM, is starting with about 120 participants, and the company expects to dose the first person in early fall 2026 (company projection). An earlier Phase 3 trial did not meet its main goal.
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
The company reports no serious treatment-related side effects and no loss of consciousness in the earlier trial. Safety is still being studied.
A psychedelic related to psilocybin, given as an injection under the skin. The company designed it for a shorter psychedelic experience than psilocybin or LSD.
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What it is
A psychedelic related to psilocybin, given as an injection under the skin. The company designed it for a shorter psychedelic experience than psilocybin or LSD.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of February 2026: the company reported a positive Phase 2 trial (RECONNECT), and FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation on February 23, 2026. The company planned to start a Phase 3 trial in 2026 (company projection).
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
A psychedelic, so trial doses are given under medical supervision. Safety is still being studied.
mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT), AtaiBeckley, being acquired by Lilly
Treatment-resistant depression
A nasal spray form of 5-MeO-DMT, a short-acting psychedelic, given during a clinic visit of about two hours.
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What it is
A nasal spray form of 5-MeO-DMT, a short-acting psychedelic, given during a clinic visit of about two hours.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of July 2026: after a Phase 2b study, it has Breakthrough Therapy designation and Phase 3 work has begun. Lilly announced on July 16, 2026, that it plans to buy AtaiBeckley.
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
A psychedelic, so trial doses are given under medical supervision. Safety is still being studied.
An inhaled form of 5-MeO-DMT, a short-acting psychedelic.
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What it is
An inhaled form of 5-MeO-DMT, a short-acting psychedelic.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of mid-2026: a Phase 2b trial is complete. The company says FDA agreed in July 2026 that its manufacturing and inhaler plans look ready for Phase 3, and it aims to start Phase 3 in 2026 (company projection).
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today.
Safety flags
A psychedelic, so trial doses are given under medical supervision. Safety is still being studied.
Major depression with excessive daytime sleepiness
A wake-promoting pill already sold as Sunosi for daytime sleepiness from narcolepsy or sleep apnea, now being tested for depression.
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What it is
A wake-promoting pill already sold as Sunosi for daytime sleepiness from narcolepsy or sleep apnea, now being tested for depression.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of August 2026: the Phase 3 CLARITY trial is testing it for major depression with daytime sleepiness. Its current FDA approval covers sleepiness only, not depression.
Typical use
For depression, only within clinical trials today. Existing prescriptions for sleepiness do not make it a depression treatment.
Safety flags
Safety for this use is still being studied. Ask the trial team about risks.
A daily pill that opens potassium channels to calm overactive brain cells, also being reviewed for epilepsy.
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What it is
A daily pill that opens potassium channels to calm overactive brain cells, also being reviewed for epilepsy.
Access boundary
Not FDA approved. Available only to people enrolled in a clinical trial. Not something to buy, order online, or try on your own.
Where it stands
Status as of September 17, 2026: the company paused enrollment of new people in its depression studies after reviewing mental health side effects, while people already in the trials continue. The company expects results from one depression trial in early 2027 (company projection).
Typical use
Only given within clinical trials today, and new participants are not being enrolled for now.
Safety flags
Side effects affecting mood and thinking led to the pause. The company is studying dose changes.
Medicine names and warnings come from FDA labels on DailyMed, FDA device and drug records, and FDA consumer pages. Cards marked In clinical trials cite the trial registry or the company's own announcement, and company plans can change. Status was checked on September 30, 2026. Labels change; check the linked source for the latest.
Everyday habits
Things that can help alongside treatment
Self-care steps NIMH suggests once treatment has started. They support recovery; they are not a substitute for diagnosis or care.
Talk with a health care provider before starting any supplement or making big changes.
Physical activity
NIMH self-care
Just 30 minutes a day of walking can boost your mood.
NIMH lists physical activity among the things that may help once treatment has started.
A helpful habit alongside treatment, not a replacement for it.
Steer clear of substances that can make depression harder to treat.
Using alcohol or drugs more can be a sign of depression. NIMH advises avoiding alcohol, nicotine, and drugs, including medicines not prescribed for you.
If substance use is part of the picture, see the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline on the Resources page.
FDA has not approved any natural product for treating depression.
Some people report that vitamin D or St. John's wort helped, but research findings are inconsistent, and these products can interact with prescription medicines.
Do not use vitamin D, St. John's wort, or other supplements for depression without talking to a health care provider first.
1,442 depression studies were recruiting on ClinicalTrials.gov as of September 30, 2026. Below are 54 of them: mostly Phase 2, 3, and 4 treatment studies with at least one site in the United States, picked to cover different kinds of depression and treatment.
Talk with your doctor before joining a trial
A listing here is not a recommendation. Studies test treatments that may not work or may have side effects, and each one has its own rules about who can join. Ask your doctor, or your child's doctor, whether a study fits, and keep taking current treatment unless your care team says otherwise. A research study is not emergency care: in a crisis, call or text 988.
Find a study near you
This opens ClinicalTrials.gov with recruiting depression studies already selected. Type your city or ZIP code in the Location box to see studies close to home.
32 US sites in Florida, Massachusetts, Texas and 16 more states · also Australia, Brazil, Canada and 11 more countries
Sponsor:
Eli Lilly and Company
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study of Brenipatide in Adult Participants With Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Arm Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Treatment With Brenipatide in Delaying Time to Relapse Compared With Placebo in Adult Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (RENEW-MDD 1)
NBI-1065845 as an add-on in people with major depression
Major depression
What is tested:
NBI-1065845
Who can join:
Ages 18 and older · Major Depressive Disorder
Where:
46 US sites in California, Florida, Texas and 12 more states · also Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada and 16 more countries
Sponsor:
Neurocrine Biosciences
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Long-Term Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of NBI-1065845 as an Adjunctive Treatment in Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Official title: A Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of NBI-1065845 as Adjunctive Treatment in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
84 US sites in Florida, California, Texas and 19 more states · also Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria and 12 more countries
Sponsor:
Janssen Research & Development, LLC
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Phase 3 Study of Adjunctive Treatment With Seltorexant in Adult and Elderly Participants With Major Depressive Disorder and Insomnia Symptoms
Official title: A Two-Part Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety and the Maintenance of Effect of 20-(Milligram) mg Seltorexant as Adjunctive Therapy to Antidepressants in Adult and Elderly Patients With Major Depressive Disorder With Insomnia Symptoms
Seltorexant on its own in adults and older adults with major depression
Older adults · Major depression
What is tested:
Seltorexant
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 74 · Depressive Disorder, Major
Where:
31 US sites in California, New York, Florida and 11 more states · also Brazil, Canada, Malaysia and 1 more country
Sponsor:
Janssen Research & Development, LLC
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study of Seltorexant as Monotherapy in Adults and Elderly Participants With Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Seltorexant as Monotherapy in Adult and Elderly Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and an Open-label Long-term Extension Treatment With Seltorexant
NBI-1065845 as an add-on in people with major depression
Major depression
What is tested:
NBI-1065845
Who can join:
Ages 18 and older · Major Depressive Disorder
Where:
24 US sites in Texas, Florida, California and 11 more states · also Australia, Bulgaria, Canada and 7 more countries
Sponsor:
Neurocrine Biosciences
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Evaluate the Maintenance Effect of NBI-1065845 as an Adjunctive Treatment in Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Official title: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Maintenance of Effect of NBI-1065845 as an Adjunctive Treatment in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Clinical assessment of response for depression with daytime sleepiness using solriamfetol
Major depression
What is tested:
Solriamfetol 150 MG
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 65 · Major Depressive Disorder With Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Symptoms
Where:
40 US sites in California, New York, Texas and 12 more states
Sponsor:
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Clinical Assessment of Response in the Treatment of Depression With Daytime Sleepiness Using Solriamfetol
Official title: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Withdrawal Study of Solriamfetol in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder With Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Symptoms
Milsaperidone as an add-on in people with major depression
Major depression
What is tested:
Milsaperidone
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 65 · Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Where:
29 US sites in California, Florida, Texas and 14 more states · also Bulgaria, Czechia, Poland
Sponsor:
Vanda Pharmaceuticals
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Milsaperidone as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Milsaperidone as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
51 US sites in Florida, California, Georgia and 18 more states
Sponsor:
Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Randomized Study of Azetukalner Versus Placebo in Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate Azetukalner in Moderate-to-Severe Major Depressive Disorder
Azetukalner vs placebo in depressive episodes associated with bipolar I or II disorder (bipolar depression)
Bipolar depression
What is tested:
Azetukalner
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 74 · Bipolar Disorder, Bipolar Depression
Where:
34 US sites in California, Florida, Georgia and 12 more states · also Bulgaria, Germany, Spain
Sponsor:
Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Randomized Study of Azetukalner Versus Placebo in Depressive Episodes Associated With Bipolar I or II Disorder (Bipolar Depression)
Official title: A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Azetukalner in Depressive Episodes Associated With Bipolar I or II Disorder (Bipolar Depression)
Lumateperone for bipolar depression in young people
Bipolar depression · Children and teens
What is tested:
Lumateperone
Who can join:
Ages 10 to 17 · Bipolar Depression
Where:
56 US sites in Florida, Texas, California and 15 more states · also Colombia, India, Serbia
Sponsor:
Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Multicenter Study of Lumateperone for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression in Pediatric Patients
Official title: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lumateperone for the Treatment of Major Depressive Episodes (MDEs) Associated With Bipolar I or Bipolar II Disorder (Bipolar Depression) in Pediatric Patients Aged 10 to 17 Years
Cariprazine for depressive episodes in young people (ages 10 to 17) with bipolar I disorder
Bipolar depression · Children and teens
What is tested:
Cariprazine
Who can join:
Ages 10 to 17 · Depression, Bipolar I Disorder
Where:
69 US sites in California, Texas, Florida and 13 more states · also Puerto Rico, Russia
Sponsor:
AbbVie
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Assess Change in Disease Activity and Adverse Events (AEs) With Cariprazine in the Treatment of Depressive Episodes in Pediatric Participants Participants (10 to 17 Years of Age) With Bipolar I Disorder
Official title: A 6-week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Cariprazine in Pediatric Subjects (10 to 17 Years of Age) in the Treatment of Depressive Episodes Associated With Bipolar I Disorder
RecruitingPhase 3Medicine or supplementTherapy, behavioral, or digital
A deuterated psilocin analog (CYB003) in people with major depression
Major depression
What is tested:
CYB003, Psychological Support
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 85 · Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Depression in Adults
Where:
43 US sites in California, Texas, Florida and 16 more states · also Australia, Czechia, Germany and 4 more countries
Sponsor:
Cybin IRL Limited
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study of a Deuterated Psilocin Analog (CYB003) in Humans With Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: An Efficacy and Safety, Phase III, Multi-center, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study Comparing 2 Active Doses of CYB003 and Placebo in Eligible Participants With Major Depressive Disorder
30 US sites in Florida, California, Georgia and 14 more states
Sponsor:
Definium Therapeutics US, Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Phase 3 Trial of DT120 for Major Depressive Disorder (Ascend)
Official title: A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 12-Week Study (Part A) With a 40-Week Open-label Extension (Part B) Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Oral DT120 Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Adults With Major Depressive Disorder - Ascend
Ages 15 to 45 · Female participants only · Depression, Postpartum, Postpartum Depression (PPD)
Where:
16 US sites in California, Texas, Utah and 10 more states
Sponsor:
Lipocine Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Brexanolone Lifting Outcomes Of Moms
Official title: A Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Oral LPCN 1154A in Women With Postpartum Depression
SPT-300 (GlyphAllo) in people with major depression, with or without anxious distress (BUOY-1 study)
Major depression
What is tested:
SPT-300
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 65 · Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Major Depressive Disorder With Anxious Distress
Where:
29 US sites in California, Florida, New York and 8 more states · also Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany and 3 more countries
Sponsor:
Seaport Therapeutics
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SPT-300 (GlyphAllo) in Participants With Major Depressive Disorder, With or Without Anxious Distress (BUOY-1 Study)
Official title: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Monotherapy Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of SPT-300 in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), With or Without Anxious Distress
TNX-102 SL (sublingual, dissolved under the tongue) on its own vs placebo in people with major depression
Major depression
What is tested:
TNX-102 SL
Who can join:
Ages 18 and older · Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Where:
27 US sites in California, Florida, Texas and 11 more states
Sponsor:
Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Evaluate TNX-102 SL Monotherapy Versus Placebo in Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Official title: A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of TNX-102 SL Monotherapy Versus Placebo in Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
23 US sites in Texas, California, Florida and 10 more states · also Bulgaria, Czechia, Poland and 1 more country
Sponsor:
Draig Therapeutics Ltd
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of DT-101 in Patients With Depression
Official title: A Phase 2 Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of DT-101 in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Esketamine for reduction of symptoms of major depression
Children and teens · Suicidal thoughts · Major depression
What is tested:
Esketamine, Midazolam
Who can join:
Ages 12 to 17 · Depressive Disorder, Major
Where:
10 US sites in Alabama, District of Columbia, Georgia and 7 more states · also Brazil, Hungary, Italy and 3 more countries
Sponsor:
Janssen Research & Development, LLC
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Esketamine for Reduction of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: A Double-blind, Randomized, Psychoactive Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg in Addition to Comprehensive Standard of Care for the Rapid Reduction of the Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescent Participants With Acute Suicidal Ideation or Behavior
ALTO-100 in bipolar disorder with depression (BD-D)
Bipolar depression
What is tested:
ALTO-100
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 70 · Bipolar Disorder I or II With a Major Depressive Episode
Where:
27 US sites in California, Arizona, Maryland and 11 more states
Sponsor:
Alto Neuroscience
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: ALTO-100 in Bipolar Disorder With Depression (BD-D)
Official title: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Followed by Open-Label Treatment of ALTO-100 in Adults With Bipolar Disorder Currently Experiencing a Major Depressive Episode
33 US sites in California, Florida, Texas and 11 more states
Sponsor:
AbbVie
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Assess Change in Disease Activity and Adverse Events of Oral Icalcaprant in Adult Participants With Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: A Phase 2, Multicenter, 6-Week, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Icalcaprant in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder
Zelquistinel or placebo to ease symptoms of major depression
Major depression
What is tested:
Zelquistinel
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 64 · Major Depressive Disorder
Where:
34 US sites in California, Florida, Texas and 16 more states
Sponsor:
Syndeio Biosciences, Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Zelquistinel or Placebo for the Reduction of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral GATE-251 or Placebo for the Reduction of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder in Adults
Zelquistinel or placebo to ease symptoms of major depression
Major depression
What is tested:
Zelquistinel
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 64 · Major Depressive Disorder
Where:
32 US sites in California, Florida, New York and 12 more states
Sponsor:
Syndeio Biosciences, Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Phase 2 Study of Zelquistinel or Placebo for the Reduction of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral GATE-251 or Placebo for the Reduction of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
ACP-211 on its own for major depression with inadequate antidepressant response
Hard-to-treat depression · Major depression
What is tested:
ACP-211
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 65 · Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Where:
26 US sites in Florida, California, Texas and 11 more states
Sponsor:
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: ACP-211 Monotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder With Inadequate Antidepressant Response
Official title: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Efficacy and Safety Study of ACP-211 Monotherapy in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Inadequate Response to Antidepressant Treatment
VLS-01 buccal film vs placebo in people with treatment-resistant depression (ELUMINA)
Hard-to-treat depression · Major depression
What is tested:
VLS-01-203 BU
Who can join:
Ages 18 to 65 · Treatment Resistant Depression
Where:
34 US sites in California, Arkansas, Florida and 15 more states · also Australia, Canada, United Kingdom
Sponsor:
atai Therapeutics, Inc
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of VLS-01 Buccal Film, Compared to Placebo in Patients With Treatment Resistant Depression (ELUMINA)
Official title: A Phase 2, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Repeated Doses of VLS-01 Buccal Film in Participants With Treatment Resistant Depression
23 US sites in Florida, California, Illinois and 9 more states
Sponsor:
Draig Therapeutics Ltd
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of DT-101 as an Adjunctive Treatment in Patients With Depression
Official title: A Phase 2 Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of DT-101 in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder Receiving Pharmacological Therapy for Depression
Esketamine nasal spray vs placebo spray in adults with treatment-resistant depression
Hard-to-treat depression
What is tested:
Esketamine 56 mg, Esketamine 84 mg
Who can join:
Ages 18 and older · Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Where:
7 US sites in California, New York, Georgia and 2 more states · also Japan, Taiwan
Sponsor:
Janssen Research & Development, LLC
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Study of Esketamine Nasal Spray Versus Placebo Spray in Adult Participants With Treatment-resistant Depression
Official title: A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Esketamine Nasal Spray, Administered as Monotherapy, in Adult Participants With Treatment-resistant Depression
RecruitingNo phase (therapy or device study)Brain stimulation or device
VNS Therapy® System as an add-on vs a no-stimulation control in people with treatment-resistant depression
Hard-to-treat depression
What is tested:
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
Who can join:
Ages 18 and older · Treatment Resistant Depression
Where:
101 US sites in Florida, New York, California and 29 more states
Sponsor:
LivaNova
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized Controlled Blinded Trial Demonstrating the Safety and Effectiveness of VNS Therapy® System as Adjunctive Therapy Versus a No Stimulation Control in Subjects With Treatment-Resistant Depression
Official title: A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized Controlled Blinded Trial Demonstrating the Safety and Effectiveness of VNS Therapy® System as Adjunctive Therapy Versus a No Stimulation Control in Subjects With Treatment-Resistant Depression
Ages 18 to 88 · Severe Depression, Moderate Depression
Where:
1 US site in New York
Sponsor:
Theresa Jacob, PhD, MPH
Titles on ClinicalTrials.gov
Brief title: Nebulized Ketamine for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Official title: Nebulized Ketamine for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in an Inpatient Setting: A Midazolam-controlled Randomized Controlled Trial
Recruiting, interventional Phase 2, 3, or 4 studies (plus a few no-phase therapy and device studies) whose title and listed conditions are about depression and that have at least one US site. Up to 54 are shown, balanced across depression types and treatment kinds (at most 2 per main intervention), then ranked by phase, number of US sites, and size. Phase 1 safety studies and studies with no US site are left out here but appear on ClinicalTrials.gov. Study details change often; always check the study page and contact the study team to confirm who can join. This site does not enroll anyone.